A Study on the Extreme Characteristics of Madame Bovary

Abstract

The study of Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary has achieved fruitful results, and there are also many studies on Emma's character. The reasons for the formation of her extreme character are mostly concentrated on the level of social and historical criticism. Starting from the thought of inequality between men and women in secular society, this paper discusses Emma's extreme character and its root causes, and discusses its practical significance. Firstly, this paper expounds Emma's extreme character, her performance in action and internal psychological characteristics. Then it discusses the reasons for the formation of Emma's extreme character from the perspectives of the pressure on her in real life, the problems of her own thoughts and the causes of men's passivity. On this basis, it expounds the modern significance of Emma's extreme character, the posture that women should hold and the efforts that all levels of society should make.

Key words: Mrs. Bovary; Extreme character; Secular thought



摘 要

对福楼拜长篇小说《包法利夫人》研究已经取得丰硕的成果，对爱玛的性格也有很多研究，对其极端性格的形成原因大多集中在社会历史批评的层面上。本文则从世俗社会中男女不平等思想出发,讨论了爱玛极端性格及其的根本原因，并基于此讨论其现实的意义。本文首先阐述了爱玛的极端性格，及其在行动上的表现和内在心理特征。然后从现实生活对她的压力、其自身的思想存在的问题、男性在被动层面上造成原因三给角度，探讨了爱玛极端性格形成的原因。在此基础上，阐述了爱玛极端性格的现代意义，女性应该持有的姿态以及社会各层面应该做出的努力。

关键词：《包法利夫人》；极端性格；世俗思想



1. Introduction

At present, some people interpret the image of Emma in Madame Bovary from the distortion of her view of love in the romantic novel, and expounds the view that Emma's expectation and temperament characteristics formed after reading the novel make her form a tragic character; Some scholars pointed out that the bourgeoisie's mercenary and corrupt nature had an important impact on Emma's outlook on life, and should be responsible for her corruption and destruction. Of course, these are the reasons for Emma's tragedy and an important dimension to interpret Emma's character. Based on previous studies, this paper further explores Emma's extreme character, mainly from the background of women's specific secular social life, considers the reasons for the formation of her extreme character, and discusses the social significance of her tragic character, so as to enrich the research results of Emma's character analysis.

This paper mainly adopts the literature research method, obtains the research literature related to this research topic by consulting the academic resources of the digital journal database, combs and classifies it on this basis, clarifies the research status of Madame Bovary, especially the research results of Emma's character, and deepens the thinking and understanding of the research object.

Firstly, this paper combs the relevant research results at home and abroad. On this basis, combined with their own thinking, this paper analyzes the character of Emma, the protagonist of Madame Bovary, and explores the reasons for the formation of her extreme character. As an extension of thinking, this paper finally expounds the modern significance of the formation of Emma's extreme character.
 
2. Literature review

2.1Foreign research

There are extensive studies abroad on the content theme and the character significance of the protagonist in Madame Bovary.C.R. mcclur (2019) believes that from the 18th century to the 1960s, the ideological trend of freedom and equality opened the prelude to the vigorous women's movement, women's personal rights and freedom of political and religious belief, women's right to choose life, freedom and pursuit of happiness and self-determination began to receive extensive attention. Madame Bovary not only reflects the progress of feminism at that time to a certain extent, but also reveals the tragic fate that women are destined to degenerate in the mainstream patriarchal society . PLoS One (2019) believes that Emma in Madame Bovary has been pursuing a romantic and happy life all her life. However, her love woven with fantasy can not grow in the soil of reality. She finally becomes a slave of love, pays the price of life for the disillusionment of money and love fantasy, and becomes a victim of the patriarchal society.Tran Bach Xuan (2016) briefly analyzed the modernist characteristics embodied in Flaubert's masterpiece Madame Bovary from three aspects: content style, character image and artistic technique. 이재원 (2013) believes that Emma is also a controversial female image. For Emma, the pursuit of romantic love is the inevitable mission of her life. She was born for love and died for love. She became an immoral woman in the eyes of the world because of love. Emma's persistence in love made her indulge in desire and become a slave of desire, which eventually led to her destruction.Sanaz Alizadeh Tabrizi and robab khosravi (2015) re examined Jane Eyre and Madame Bovary with reference to Bakhtin's literary time theory, emphasizing the importance of time and space, in order to explain that although the two protagonists live in different time and space, they are finally close to similar disastrous outcomes. Jane seems to be a historical counterpart of Mrs. Bovary in France, because both women seem to have a highly romantic world outlook and unconsciously desire prosperity, passion and high society. However, on the other hand, the two women are different in their respective historical backgrounds. They are both striving for an ideal life beyond the social norms of the 19th century. The author believes that although living in different time and space, the dynamics of the two roles eventually tend to approach a similar catastrophic end point . Jenn McCollum (2014) analyzed Flaubert's treatment of male physical characteristics in Madame Bovary to deal with unresolved physical political problems. The political nature of Emma's body is most obvious in the discussion of agriculture and the state, which is in sharp contrast to the narrator's hungry gaze at the male body. Through the male body, knowledge and possession are possible. Just like Emma, Flaubert stares at the muscular male physique .

2.2 Domestic research

There are many studies on Madame Bovary in China, mainly including the following views: fan Nengwei (2019) believes that the novel criticizes the modernity of philistine society through the shaping of Madame Bovary, highlighting the ultimate paradox of modernity. Li Tengfei (2018) analyzed Emma's emotional experience and tragic fate from a simple to in-depth perspective, explored Emma's spirit of pursuing freedom and happiness from a feminist perspective, and expressed the helplessness of women's survival in a patriarchal society. Zou Yuxia (2016) takes two different names of Emma and Mrs. Bovary as the starting point to explore the image characteristics of the heroine in different periods and under different identities in the identity of daughter, Mrs. Bovary, wife, lover and an independent woman. Shi Jingdan (2015) used the theory of psychological analysis to analyze Madame Bovary, mainly using the methods of personality analysis and the contrast of season and climate to deeply analyze and explore the heroine Emma's psychological consciousness, inner emotion and her personality division. Qiu Hongxia (2014) believed that Madame Bovary reflected on reality by breaking dreams, which was a deconstruction of social values, social power and social evaluation standards at that time. Mrs. Bovary's tragedy is not only a character tragedy, but also a social tragedy. She is born with fantasy and does not follow reality, and her human nature is free and easy and ignores civilization. Human nature is a tiger and civilization is a cage. This social construction imprisons not only the living posture, but also the instinct of life, and Madame Bovary is exactly a deconstruction. Yuan chenya (2014) believed that the tragic fate of the heroine Emma not only came from her own crazy pursuit of love, fame and wealth, but also the whole French society at that time was an accomplice to kill Emma's life. Based on Emma's subjective factors and her objective social environment, the author analyzes the reasons for the formation of Emma's tragic fate in Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary. Taking Madame Bovary as the object, GE Mengting analyzes the narrative function of "disease" in it. The main content can be summarized into three points: first, it is reflected in the structure of love narrative to Emma. Due to the huge gap between Emma's passionate imagination of love life and Charles's dull sensibility, their post marital relationship can be summarized by triple aphasia. They are: Emma has no ability to express and reflect on her love imagination, but can only imitate and consume; Charles could not feel and respond to Emma's love imagination, or even distinguish the truth of Emma's affair; Emma's affair itself cannot be told. Thus, the triple aphasia state leads to the heteronomy and autonomy of "disease". Li Yan (2010) uses the subjectivity theory of psychoanalysis to discuss the root causes of "Emma's death" and the relationship between Flaubert and Emma. The root cause of Emma's death is "the entanglement and transformation between the desire subject and the desire object", that is, Emma, as the subject, the irreconcilability between her own desire and the object projected by her desire. At the same time, based on this close reading of the text, this paper analyzes the similarities between Flaubert himself and the image of Emma in Madame Bovary .
 
3. An analysis of Mrs. Bovary's extreme character

3.1 analysis of Mrs. Bovary's extreme character 

At the beginning of Emma's marriage, she showed the characteristics of beauty, gentleness and interest in life. But at the same time, she needs a spiritual partner who understands her romance and meets her romance. She is keen on romantic illusory life and pursues prosperity. Once these requirements are not met, she behaves improperly and behaves strangely.
 
3.2 external expression of Mrs. Bovary's extreme character 

At the beginning of Emma's wedding, she was very beautiful and gentle. Even Mr. Hao Mai, a neighbor who was bent on pursuing fame and wealth, "keen on science" and never praised women, said, "you are as beautiful as a flower. You are going to stir Rouen!" She can draw and draw well. She can hang it on the wall with a frame. She can play the piano well. The window is open and someone outside stops to listen. Thirdly, she is good at housework and infuses artistic flavor into a meal and a drink. Moreover, she was extremely patient. Her husband came home in the middle of the night, and the maid went to bed. She served him carefully. But soon she changed from a good wife and mother to a "slut". She met Leon, who had a common language, so she had feelings with him, and felt that "since the part that had lived is bad, the part that had not lived will certainly be much better." later, she was seduced by Rodolfo. Her heart was in full bloom, "the feelings that had been suppressed for a long time poured out and were boiling with joy." She hoped to elope with her lover and change her environment and life. The end was almost devastating. Rodolfo didn't want to carry such a trouble, so she was abandoned by her lover. She fell ill and almost died. After Leon's reunion, she immediately cheered up from her depressed state and quickly entered another so-called love. After a period of fanaticism, she found that "she hated him as much as he was tired of her. Emma found the commonness of marriage in adultery." under the final blow, she finally died.

3.3 psychological characteristics of Mrs. Bovary's extreme personality

Emma's external behavior is determined by her internal extreme psychological characteristics. She pursues prosperity. Emma "wished the name of Bovary - her current name - was famous, publicly displayed in bookstores and often appeared in newspapers, which was known all over France". Emma wants Charlie to operate on Yvette's deformed foot, because it is a matter of fame and wealth. She hopes her husband can be famous all over the world, which is more important to her than love. Women's positioning of men is also subject to the standards of secular society: strength, status and money. She is keen on romantic and illusory emotional life. In Madame Bovary, when Emma came into contact with those romantic love stories, she began to describe the prince charming in her mind, hoping that he could ride a tall horse and gallop from the distant field to rescue her. Emma hoped that her knight would be "brave as a lion, gentle as a lamb, unparalleled in character, always well dressed and burst into tears", She wants her lover to be respected outside but gentle in front of herself: he is a perfect man with wisdom, appearance and character. But all her inner pursuits failed. Her husband is far from her imagination. His clothes are poor and frugal, and his living habits are almost sloppy and vulgar; He is vulgar, watching his wife's painting as entertainment. The faster she plays the piano, the more surprised he is. In short, he won't appreciate it; He was slow and unresponsive to his wife's love poems and slow tunes; He is short-sighted. He doesn't know or understand anything except the bits and pieces of vulgar knowledge in his medical practice. The real life is different from the romantic life in the book, which can not meet her ambition. The essence of her ambition is to love the magnificent life, such as riding, hunting, fencing and so on. She knew that she herself could not achieve this, so she had to rely on a man. Under reasonable, legal and religious conditions, the man should be her husband. When her husband couldn't meet her ideal, she began to turn to other men. She was also compromising, trying to get closer to her ideal life by adultery with these men. Her ambition makes her have unstable factors, so such a character will eventually bring trouble and trouble to her and the people around her, and make her act strangely.
 
4. Reasons for the formation of Mrs. Bovary's extreme character

4.1 Reasons for Mrs. Bovary's real life

In Madame Bovary, Emma has lived under the rule of secular thought since her childhood, which forms an oppressive force of the other for her.

In secular society, women are insulated from the public sphere. The public sphere is the domain of men. This domain has a set of things different from the family domain. It is the domain of all men, covering politics, economy, culture and so on. For this reason, men master various production skills, earn various family incomes, climb up through the vertical flow channel, win the high-level position, and thus produce a value system, in which the value of men is reflected. Women cannot enter this field, and people other than men's gender are not judged in this field. Women's value judgment is another system derived from the public sphere. When a man comes home from the public sphere, he can enjoy the food and clothing prepared for him at home, a comfortable bedroom and the happiness of his children around his knees. In short, he has entered a private sphere that can be completely relaxed and treated as a family king. The value of women must also come from men in the public sphere, but the public sphere system can not give appropriate rewards. They cannot escape from the private sphere. If they escape from the family, they will be punished in all aspects: public opinion, religion, law, husband and his family. Sometimes even the mother's family will be implicated. The vast majority of them have accepted the established fate, and the women who intend to escape are extremely rare. If a woman wants to escape and live a normal life, she must rely on men other than her husband. Replacing that man with this man does not change the nature of dependence.

Emma was surrounded by people who were dominated by secular ideas and constantly used them to dominate her. Her father, father Ruo, was only a rich farmer, but he had a typical aristocratic look. He still had the ambition to change the class composition in the declining environment. The aristocrats before the great revolution were their ideal figures. In addition, father ruo's son had died very early and could only add his ambition to his daughter Emma, I hope she can receive a good aristocratic education. It can be said that Emma carried her father's complex of admiring the upper class aristocratic society when she was young. As the daughter of a farmer, Emma entered the school of a noble lady to receive education. Carrying her father's dream, she wanted to marry into a rich family and become a wife of the upper class society. She not only dresses herself according to the clothes and hairstyles of the upper class society, but also her definition of the dream lover is constructed according to the male identity under the secular culture. She subconsciously accepted her father's arrangement. Emma's marriage was also decided by father Ruo. When he found out that Charlie was interested in Emma, he began to think that Charlie would not care about dowry, and as a doctor, Charlie was still a person of status in the local area. He would not suffer if he married Emma to him, "If he asks me for her, I'll give it to him "Secular choice dominates Emma's marriage choice. But Emma doesn't get the life she fantasizes about. Charlie and the men in her fantasies are very different and can't meet her desire. Therefore, her character shows extreme characteristics. She starts to deviate from the classics, cheat and have an affair. In other words, her extreme character was the abnormal result of the fierce collision between her inner pursuit and the secular world.

Once women want to refuse the requirements of male authority with secular thought as the background , she will be punished by the whole secular world. This punishment comes not only from the outside world, but also from her own heart, because there has long been the influence of secular thought in her thought. Therefore, when Emma falls into the confusion of her own desire and secular norms, she can only ask for help from religion, hoping that religion can calm her restless soul, because religion, as a part of the secular system, has been regarded as an omnipotent truth, controlling her words and deeds in an unconscious way. But in fact, this truth is just created by the secular world, so that she can obey the secular thought under the constraints of the secular world. So Emma did not find the comfort she needed.Any woman who violates the secular and rebellious ideas, extreme character and behavior will be punished officially or unofficially. Based on the secular thought, the binding force of male power is more realized through ethics. With the help of ethical channels, a general social public opinion is formed, and people restrain each other and play a role of supervision. She was abandoned by the whole society and under the pressure of various ethical public opinions, She will only be regarded as a "whore" and "madman" , being despised by all people, no one will lend a helping hand, only fighting against the huge patriarchy alone. The pressure of public opinion is like an invisible net, which tightly traps these birds trying to escape. Although they are struggling, they are finally trapped in the net. So Emma finally chose the extreme way to end the war of great power. Death is the only way that can be completely controlled by the secular world. This is not only a presentation of women's existence, but also a hidden force to sound the alarm for everyone under the secular system. Any betrayal of secular thought will end in failure, and the Betrayer will be abandoned by the whole secular life.

In a word, Emma's extreme character is the abnormal result of the collision between the pressure of secular society and her strong inner pursuit.

4.2 Reasons for Mrs. Bovary's fantasy life

Whether Emma in Madame Bovary or women in reality, their fantasies about viscount or their longing for love come from reading. It is a part of secular culture. Its existence is just a means of management like law and religion, but it takes the way of counseling to meet women's repressed hopes in reading. So Emma never got rid of male control. Women living under the secular system are surrounded by the secular culture, which makes them unable to break free from the shackles, but let them find love and prince charming in the illusion, and guide them to form a stable and harmonious relationship with the world. Romantic love and perfect lovers are just illusions constructed by secular thought, and women are bewitched by the constructed illusory lovers, so that women's dissatisfaction with their situation can be attributed to men rather than the patriarchal system itself, so that they believe that their misfortunes come from men, and there is happiness in the secular system society, but women don't encounter it. Just like the influence of romantic novels on Emma, Emma believed that she had the most perfect lover like the Viscount she met, and her misfortune was due to meeting Charlie.

In real life, Emma lives in the tragedy of secular system, and in the fantasy world, she also lives in the tragedy, which is a kind of counteraction formed by the control of secular ideas. This kind of counterattack is one of the reasons for the formation of her extreme character.In Madame Bovary, when Emma came into contact with those romantic love stories, she began to describe her prince charming and expected him to be "brave as a lion, gentle as a lamb and unparalleled in character." However, Emma met Charlie who really loved her but was stupid, Leon who had the same interests but was cowardly, Rudolph who talked sweet but had no love, and the notary who seduced her with money. Emma had pinned her hopes on these men and hoped that they were their own "Viscount", but Emma finally had to cry alone. These men became executioners, Together created Emma's tragedy.

But when Emma met the Viscount, did she find her own prince and realize her love? Would all these tragedies not happen? The answer is No. in Emma's heart, the Viscount is her most perfect lover, but Emma and the Viscount just dance together without too much talk. All her knowledge of the Viscount is just made up by herself. Emma focuses all her fantasies about men on the Viscount, which is more perfect because she doesn't understand. When Emma is really with the Viscount, Who can guarantee that he is not the second Charlie, the second Leon, the second Rudolph? At that time, Emma would still deal with things with this extreme character.Emma also had fantasies about real life. In the secular society, women accept the instruction of male chauvinism culture and inherit the tradition of secular culture. They will unconsciously shape men with the standard of secular thought. Every woman hopes that her husband can become famous and her husband can occupy more power and resources. Emma wants Charlie to operate on Yvette's deformed foot in order to obtain status and money. But this is just her fantasy of reality. Charlie didn't do the operation on the deformed foot, but needed another doctor to amputate the leg. So when Charlie was hit outside and wanted to be comforted by Emma, she not only couldn't understand, but felt "ashamed and eager to beat him", It is inconceivable that "there is such a person in the world". As a male, he should not only be able to wear armor, fight on the battlefield, bear the heavy responsibilities of heaven and earth, but also raise her family and create an extraordinary career. The expectation and control of men in secular thought has become the standard for men to make their own, but also the requirement of women for men. However, Emma will never find a man who meets this standard in real life.

In the process of Emma's short life, she is constantly repeating the process from lighting the flame of hope to the disappointment of physical and mental loss. This process is also the process of forming and strengthening her extreme character. Maybe she didn't realize her futility until the moment she died.

4.3 Causes of men at another level

In Emma's extreme character tragedy, the most direct Punisher is the secular society, so the secular society has become an indispensable role in her tragedy. And this punishment will appear in various forms, not just strangle and trample.

As mentioned above, secular thought, as a structural existence, constitutes a world of order and a world of law. Only when men climb to a higher position and gain more power can they become real men and win the favor of women. Men who are satisfied with the status quo like Mr. Bovary can only tolerate women's white eyes and even betrayal, and are considered useless men. The essence of this secular thought is the materialization, alienation and enslavement of people, including men and women. Men have become the scapegoat of the secular system and the puppet of the secular thought.

The expectation and control of men in secular thought has become the standard for men to shape themselves, and women also plan men according to this standard. In front of the secular world, men have to hide their original appearance and suppress their desires. In Emma's eyes, Charlie was a stupid and uninteresting person. Emma expressed his love to him with love words, but Charlie was indifferent, but Charlie was not so when he was a student. "He learned a few minor tunes, sang them to his female partners, fell in love with belladonna, and could mix five flavors of wine.". After he got married, in order to be a good husband, Charlie had to run around for a living. In order to meet Emma's endless material desires, he had to practice medicine all day and had no time to taste all kinds of love in Emma's love words. The arrangement made by Charlie after Emma's death is a proof, "I hope she will be buried in her wedding dress, white shoes, corolla and hair on her shoulders." The demand for male roles under the secular system has forced him to suppress his inner romantic thoughts and become an emotionless machine. In other words, the patriarchal system made him lose his real ability to love women, which promoted the formation of Emma's extreme character to a certain extent.

In the secular system, women in men's eyes are like slaves, houses, family property and other items that can highlight men's status. Women are chips to improve men's social status rather than lovers. Young and beautiful Emma was praised by everyone, and Charlie looked high and put on embroidered slippers. This is not true love, it is a kind of vanity. For marriage, it is a tragedy. Therefore, because of the oppression of the secular system, men lost their ability to really love, caused harm to women from the passive level, and also contributed to the formation of Emma's extreme character.

5. The modern significance of Mrs. Bovary's extreme character

5.1Repression of women in their career, marriage and family

There is still a strong secular system centered on male power in modern society. Women are treated unfairly in society, resulting in Emma style tragedy.

Women face discrimination in career. In the same position, men's treatment and development opportunities are often higher than women. For example, although the number of female managers is increasing, at the same time, the career development of female managers still faces many problems and difficulties: the wage gap between women and men is still increasing, the proportion of women in senior management positions is significantly lower than that of men, the phenomenon of workplace ceiling and so on, which have a profound impact on the career development and family life of working women. There is also inequality between men and women in marriage and family. Recently, the frequent domestic violence and vicious events within the family or between male and female lovers also have the influence of patriarchal thought. Women are often injured in domestic violence. In recent years, most female victims have been injured or even died in domestic violence. In view of the discrimination against women in society, especially the inequality in employment, marriage and family, the state should introduce corresponding policies to protect women from infringement. For example, in the same position, men and women have the same development rights and opportunities, the same salary and benefits. In view of women's greater efforts in raising children, society should give some help. The positive support of national policies is a basic support, which can not only provide a rigid guarantee for women's power in politics, economy, culture and family life, but also help to form a positive social atmosphere. As the soft power of a society, social culture often affects the trend of social development, affects people's behavior and thought, and forms a continuous cycle. Therefore, the social culture related to gender relations also needs to be corrected to eliminate the negative influence from the humanistic thought. This requires efforts from all sides. For example, the media often say "she gave birth to a child for him", which is an obvious discriminatory language against women and needs to be eliminated by the media. For another example, on the issue of children's education, we need to emphasize gender equality and lay a good ideological foundation for their growth.Only in such a fair, tolerant and equal social environment can "Emma" be eliminated and women grow up and live more healthily and happily.
 
5.2 Awakening and posture of women

In the process of historical development, feminism has experienced three waves, in which the concept of gender is also changing: the first wave strives for women's basic rights, pursues gender equality and ignores gender differences; The second wave turned to emphasize gender differences and advocated that women were higher than men. The third wave chose gender return and advocated fuzzy boundaries. It called on women to have a sense of women's equality, know that women are treated unequally and resist this inequality.

Women should adopt the coexistence strategy of both sexes and seek the possibility of further development. From the perspective of contemporary women, the gender coexistence model obviously needs to be more inclusive, more flexible, and pay more attention to cooperation on the basis of the pursuit of equality and freedom, so as to meet the needs of social development and the current situation of women's survival. Hostility between women and men is not a wise way to get along, but mutual cooperation and hand in hand is the first choice of reason in the future.Only in this way can women strive for a reasonable social status and a healthy lifestyle, and will not produce Emma's tragedy.

5. Conclusion

From the perspective of the influence of secular thought, the extreme character of Emma, the protagonist of Lady Bovary, is inevitable, because under the background of secular thought, the patriarchal system, as the root framework of the social system, constrains and restricts everyone, whether men or women. This tragic factor continues to modern society, and all people are affected and bound. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study Emma's extreme character from the perspective of the influence of secular thought.


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